Veteran: Paul Goercke, of San Francisco, is a World War II veteran who served in Okinawa, Hawaii and Saipan, said there was 'no evidence of gay life' when he enlisted with the Merchant Marines when he was 18
Photo essay book, Gays in the Military, released by New York photographer Vincent Cianni. Individual stories tell the history of homosexuals in the military. Many were discharged because of their sexuality and suffer ongoing psychological damage. Rape, assault and bullying remain prevalent. Being gay was considered a criminal offense in the U.S. military until 1993
April 11, 2015
A New York-based documentary photographer has spent three years traveling the U.S. photographing and interviewing gay veterans and servicemen to share their stories of suppression, sadness and silence in a moving photo essay.
Vincent Cianni, 63, said he embarked on the project, Gays in the Military, to better understand why homosexuals would enlist in the military to begin with; voluntarily signing up for a system that did, and in many ways still does, oppress them.
'It seems I spent most of my life uninterested in knowing about the military because I supported peace, the fight to end violence and injustice, and the sanctity of life,' the photographer told Vice.
'I couldn't understand why anyone would join the military, much less why gay people would join the military, an organization that shunned them.'
Pieced together, Cianni's photos show commonalities between the subjects despite their different journeys, from a 92-year-old WW2 veteran to young soldiers who recently returned from Afghanistan.
Many were discharged because of their sexuality, others were raped, assaulted and bullied, causing ongoing psychological damage.
A major turning point for gay people in the military came in 2011 with the overturning of Dont Ask Don't Tell (DADT), a discouraging policy signed by Bill Clinton in 1993 that continued a ban on gay soldiers enlisting, but stopped investigations and 'witch hunts' into whether soldiers were gay.
The bill was designed to protect the soldiers by keeping their sexuality a secret, however it forced them into the closet and further internalized their struggles.
Gay and in the military: Zachary Werth (left), says he was discharged from the Army National Guard in 2010 because of his sexuality, while his boyfriend, Dustin Hiersekorn (right) left the Marine Corps due to medical reasons. They are one of the couples who appear in Gays in the Military, a stunning photo essay by Vincent Cianni documenting the stories of homosexual soldiers
'The person I was dating was older than me and had been in the Navy quite a bit longer. She grew up under the old regime where there were active witch hunts to catch gay people in the act to get them out. I learned that culture and I was terrified the whole time I was in,' says Heather Davies (left), of Round Rock, Texas. She was a lieutenant in the US Navy from 1989 to 1998
Togetherness: Matt McCary (right) was arrested in 2000 after being singled out by a fellow airman. He was discharged from the US Air Force within five days. David Cochenic (left) received Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal, and Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal. The two were photographed in Orange Park, Florida
'I was eighteen when I joined the United States Marine Corps in 1989. Because it was pre-Don't Ask, Don't Tell, the questions were asked about sexual orientation. I already knew I was gay, but I was consciously trying to suppress it,' says Eric Alva, of San Antonio, Texas. He was the first US military casualty in Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2004
'I wanted to think about kissing her, but I tried very desperately to force it out of my mind. I became obsessive about running and dieting; the more I exhausted my body, the less energy I would have to think about that,' reveals Debra Fowler, of Lowell, Massachusetts. She was a Korean linguist in the US Army from 1986 to 1988
'I’m like everybody else. I have a job. I have a career. I want the same things: a home, family, everything else. I’m not any different.' Don Bramer, of Washington, DC, a Lieutenant O-3 in the US Navy, says. He has served since 2002 and is still serving
Before DADT, which was enacted in 1993, homosexual behavior was considered a criminal offense within the military.
'In many cases, the people I interviewed and photographed had no recourse to their discharge,' Cianni said.
'At times, their entire record of serving in the military was expunged as if it never happened.
'Participating in the project served to regain their dignity and their history of serving.
'During the interviews they revisited difficult experiences, sometimes experiences they had forgotten about.
'It was an emotional catharsis for many of them.'
Gays in the Military was published by Daylight Books in May 2014.
It is archived at the David M. Rubestein Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Duke University and is available as an exhibition and multi-media installation.
'I left the Navy to be with someone. It would not have worked out well. I would have been faced with periodic deployments given my specialty, and (my partner) didn't like the deployments, so I decided to leave. It's difficult to hide a gay relationship. When you're single, the fifth senior officer on the ship, and always being the one who shows up alone at formal functions, it's difficult to maintain a charade. I grew accustomed to the fear of what would happen if I were caught. But I also knew that if something did happen, I would not ever admit that I was gay,' Larry Baxley says. The Washington, D.C.,-native resigned from the Navy in 2005
'As far as actually getting into a real gay relationship, that didn't come until the military. In the Officer Basic Course there was an attraction between me and another woman but it never became a whole lot; the circumstances were not right. When I was at Fort McClellan was really when I started acting on my sexuality. When I left McClellan, I went to Fort Ritchie and had a relationship with the company commander. I was the executive officer. We had a relationship only until she was reassigned,' says Nancy Russell, of San Antonio, Texas. She is a retired Lieutenant Colonel of the US Army
'I experienced one major relationship with a Navy lieutenant from Arkansas. He was very good in the bed department. I took him home to meet my parents. One time he was staying with us in the country and he told me he was getting married; it was a girl he'd known all his life. It upset me; it came too unexpected,' Will Chandlee revealed. He was pictured in Philadelphia. He joined the U.S. Marine Corps in 1945. He is a World War II veteran
'My mother signed for me when I was 17. The papers came and the last two questions on the form had to do with, "Have you ever engaged in sexual relations with a person of the same sex, yes or no?" And if yes, "Were you the active or passive partner?" And then they defined sodomy,' says Travis, of Chicago, who joined the Navy in 1963
'When Don't Ask, Don't Tell went away, it felt like a weight lifted off my shoulders. I used to joke with my family that I'm going to need counseling after I retire because I wouldn't have to be in the closet. I am beginning to feel all the years of not being me coming to a head. Sometimes the tears fall and I can't stop them,' says Joanna Gasca, of Surprise, Arizona. She joined the Air Force in 1983
'In 1968, everybody was in the closet, inside the military or outside the military. If you were found out, shipmates would throw you overboard just on general principle. If you lived, you were dishonorably discharged. You were ruined because in those days you couldn't ever get a job doing anything with that kind of discharge,' says Danny Meyer, pictured in his apartment in the Bronx, New York. He joined the Navy in 1968
'I felt an attraction to men ever since I was five years old, but I've always wanted to serve. Being in the military was a way for me to make a better life for myself,' says Charles A. Maxwell, of Decatur, Georgia, who joined the Air Force in 1985
'I have been gay all my life. I realized that this was something that I held within myself. I didn't tell anybody what I was feeling. I just kept it inside,' revealed Ray Chism, of the Bronx, New York. He was discharged on suspicion of being homosexual in 1984
It is archived at the David M. Rubestein Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Duke University and is available as an exhibition and multi-media installation.
'I was three years old the first time I had a sexual experience with my grandmother. That continued until I was 17 years old. When I was eight years old, my stepdad and step-granddad started sexually abusing me, and in rather horrible ways. I’m PTSD from Vietnam. I also have cancer from Agent Orange exposure. I’ve been HIV positive since 1987, full-blown AIDS since 1994, and I have Hepatitis C since 1989. Dying is not my responsibility; it’s part of nature. I recognize not all battles can be won,' says Bert Bares, of Houston, Texas. He served three tours of duty in Vietnam - receiving numerous commendations including the Purple Heart and the Bronze Star
'I left the Navy to be with someone. It would not have worked out well. I would have been faced with periodic deployments given my specialty, and (my partner) didn't like the deployments, so I decided to leave. It's difficult to hide a gay relationship. When you're single, the fifth senior officer on the ship, and always being the one who shows up alone at formal functions, it's difficult to maintain a charade. I grew accustomed to the fear of what would happen if I were caught. But I also knew that if something did happen, I would not ever admit that I was gay,' Larry Baxley says. The Washington, D.C.,-native resigned from the Navy in 2005
'As far as actually getting into a real gay relationship, that didn't come until the military. In the Officer Basic Course there was an attraction between me and another woman but it never became a whole lot; the circumstances were not right. When I was at Fort McClellan was really when I started acting on my sexuality. When I left McClellan, I went to Fort Ritchie and had a relationship with the company commander. I was the executive officer. We had a relationship only until she was reassigned,' says Nancy Russell, of San Antonio, Texas. She is a retired Lieutenant Colonel of the US Army
'I experienced one major relationship with a Navy lieutenant from Arkansas. He was very good in the bed department. I took him home to meet my parents. One time he was staying with us in the country and he told me he was getting married; it was a girl he'd known all his life. It upset me; it came too unexpected,' Will Chandlee revealed. He was pictured in Philadelphia. He joined the U.S. Marine Corps in 1945. He is a World War II veteran
'My mother signed for me when I was 17. The papers came and the last two questions on the form had to do with, "Have you ever engaged in sexual relations with a person of the same sex, yes or no?" And if yes, "Were you the active or passive partner?" And then they defined sodomy,' says Travis, of Chicago, who joined the Navy in 1963
'When Don't Ask, Don't Tell went away, it felt like a weight lifted off my shoulders. I used to joke with my family that I'm going to need counseling after I retire because I wouldn't have to be in the closet. I am beginning to feel all the years of not being me coming to a head. Sometimes the tears fall and I can't stop them,' says Joanna Gasca, of Surprise, Arizona. She joined the Air Force in 1983
'In 1968, everybody was in the closet, inside the military or outside the military. If you were found out, shipmates would throw you overboard just on general principle. If you lived, you were dishonorably discharged. You were ruined because in those days you couldn't ever get a job doing anything with that kind of discharge,' says Danny Meyer, pictured in his apartment in the Bronx, New York. He joined the Navy in 1968
'I felt an attraction to men ever since I was five years old, but I've always wanted to serve. Being in the military was a way for me to make a better life for myself,' says Charles A. Maxwell, of Decatur, Georgia, who joined the Air Force in 1985
'I have been gay all my life. I realized that this was something that I held within myself. I didn't tell anybody what I was feeling. I just kept it inside,' revealed Ray Chism, of the Bronx, New York. He was discharged on suspicion of being homosexual in 1984
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"Fear Eats the Soul"
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